IPC Section 30
🔹 IPC Section 30 – Definition of “valuable security”
Text of the Section:
“The words ‘valuable security’ denote a document which is, or purports to be, a document whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred, restricted, extinguished, or released, or whereby any person acknowledges that he lies under legal liability, or has not a certain legal right.”
🔍 Explanation:
Section 30 of the IPC defines what is meant by a "valuable security", which is a key concept in several other sections of the Code, especially those dealing with forgery, fraud, and criminal breach of trust.
✅ In simpler terms:
A valuable security is:
A document, not just a physical object.
That either actually is, or claims to be, a document that:
Creates a legal right.
Extends a legal right.
Transfers a legal right.
Restricts a legal right.
Ends (extinguishes) a legal right.
Releases someone from a legal obligation.
Or, in which a person admits they have a legal duty or do not have a legal right.
📄 Examples of "valuable security":
A promissory note – A document where someone promises to pay money to another.
A will – That distributes property and legal rights after death.
A bond or contract – Creating obligations between parties.
A property sale deed – That transfers ownership of land or property.
A rent agreement – Which restricts or creates the right to occupy a space.
An acknowledgment of debt – Where a person admits owing money.
All of these are valuable securities under this section.
⚖️ Why is this important?
The definition of valuable security is important because:
Forging or falsifying such documents is a serious criminal offense.
These documents affect legal rights, and therefore tampering with them is treated very seriously in law.
It helps courts determine what kinds of documents are protected under certain criminal provisions (like forgery under Section 467 IPC).
🔐 Key takeaway:
A "valuable security" under IPC Section 30 is not just any paper – it must be a document that directly affects legal rights or duties. If someone alters or forges such a document, they could face strict legal consequences.
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