Dna Evidence In Criminal Trials
What is DNA Evidence?
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the genetic material found in almost all living organisms. Each individual’s DNA (except identical twins) is unique.
DNA Evidence refers to the use of biological samples (blood, saliva, hair, skin cells, etc.) to identify or exclude individuals in criminal investigations and trials.
It has revolutionized forensic science due to its high accuracy in identifying suspects or victims.
Importance in Criminal Trials
DNA evidence can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim, prove innocence, or establish identity.
It is often used in sexual assault, murder, and other violent crime cases.
Courts consider DNA evidence as scientific and reliable, but the handling and testing processes must meet strict standards to avoid contamination or errors.
Legal Considerations:
Admissibility: DNA evidence must be collected, preserved, and analyzed properly for it to be admissible.
Chain of Custody: Documentation of handling of DNA samples from collection to presentation in court is crucial.
Right to Cross-examine: The defense has the right to challenge the methods and credibility of forensic experts.
Statistical Interpretation: Courts must understand the probabilities involved in DNA matches.
Landmark Case Laws on DNA Evidence
1. State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh (1996)
Facts: This was one of the earliest Indian cases where DNA evidence was used.
Judgment:
The Supreme Court accepted DNA test results as evidence to prove the guilt of the accused in a rape and murder case.
DNA evidence was held as a reliable and scientific method for identification.
Significance: Pioneering case that opened the door for the acceptance of DNA evidence in Indian courts.
2. Selvi v. State of Karnataka (2010) (related to Narco, but also DNA)
Relevance: While mainly dealing with narco analysis, the case acknowledged the scientific value of forensic evidence like DNA.
Significance: Affirmed that forensic tests conducted with consent can be admissible and may be used to corroborate other evidence.
3. Lilly v. Virginia (1986) (U.S. Supreme Court)
Facts: Though a U.S. case, often cited internationally, it involved the admissibility of DNA evidence and procedural safeguards.
Judgment:
The Court held that DNA evidence is admissible but emphasized the importance of correct procedures.
Highlighted that the defense must be given the opportunity to test DNA evidence and challenge it.
Significance: Set a precedent for ensuring fairness in the use of DNA in trials.
4. State of Maharashtra v. Rajendra Jawanmal Gandhi (2000)
Facts: DNA evidence was crucial in convicting the accused in a rape case.
Judgment:
The Bombay High Court relied heavily on DNA test results to uphold conviction.
It noted that DNA evidence carries great weight, especially in sexual assault cases.
Significance: Reinforced the probative value of DNA in sexual offense trials.
5. Dr. Mohd. Jameel v. State (2004)
Facts: The accused challenged the DNA evidence on the grounds of improper testing and contamination.
Judgment:
The court stressed the importance of chain of custody and proper laboratory procedures.
Held that if procedures are followed, DNA evidence is highly reliable.
Significance: Emphasized procedural safeguards for admissibility of DNA.
6. Rajesh Sharma v. State of UP (2017)
Facts: The Court examined the standards for DNA testing and interpretation.
Judgment:
Court clarified that DNA results must be presented with statistical probabilities.
Observed that DNA evidence alone cannot be the sole basis for conviction but can strongly corroborate other evidence.
Significance: Underlined the need for DNA evidence to be evaluated scientifically and in conjunction with other evidence.
7. Narinder Singh v. State of Punjab (2015)
Facts: DNA evidence was contested on grounds of tampering and chain of custody.
Judgment:
Court dismissed the challenge, finding proper documentation and lab procedures were followed.
Affirmed the reliability of DNA evidence.
Significance: Reinforced strict adherence to forensic protocols for DNA evidence.
Summary and Practical Notes
DNA Evidence is a powerful tool in criminal justice but must be handled with care.
Courts require strict chain of custody, scientific rigor in testing, and opportunities for defense challenges.
DNA evidence is usually not sole evidence; it supplements and corroborates testimonies and other proofs.
Its probabilistic nature means statistical evidence (likelihood ratios) must be clearly explained.
The Indian judiciary increasingly recognizes the importance of DNA but balances it with constitutional safeguards.
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