Penology in Estonia
What are prisons like in Estonia? The ...
Penology in Estonia reflects a commitment to modernizing its correctional system, balancing security with rehabilitation and human rights. Over the past two decades, Estonia has significantly reformed its prison infrastructure and policies, transitioning from outdated Soviet-era facilities to more contemporary institutions .(ERR)
Modernization of Prison Facilities
Estonia has replaced ten dilapidated prisons with three modern facilities in Tallinn, Tartu, and Jõhvi (Viru Prison). These new institutions are designed to meet contemporary standards, providing improved conditions for inmates and staff .(ERR)
Legislative Reforms and Human Rights
In October 2023, Estonia amended its Imprisonment Act to enhance detainee rights. Previously, detainees in pre-trial custody were confined to their cells for 23 hours daily. The new law mandates a minimum of four hours outside the cell each day, promoting better mental health and engagement .(ERR)
However, challenges remain. A 2018 survey revealed that 40% of detainees felt they were not treated humanely, and 53% reported occasional humiliation. These concerns highlight the ongoing need for improvements in prison culture and staff training .(Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus, Eesti Inimõiguste Keskus)
Rehabilitation and Open Prisons
Estonia has introduced open prisons, where inmates are allowed to work outside the facility during the day. This approach aims to facilitate reintegration into society and reduce recidivism. However, the National Audit Office has noted underutilization of this model and recommends streamlining the prison system to cut costs and improve efficiency .(ERR)
Solitary Confinement and Mental Health
The use of solitary confinement has been a subject of scrutiny. While Estonia has made progress in reducing the duration of solitary confinement, concerns persist regarding its impact on mental health. Recommendations include daily health assessments and ensuring at least two hours of meaningful interaction for those in solitary confinement .(APT)
International Engagement
Estonia's prison system has attracted international attention. In 2024, the UK considered renting prison spaces in Estonia due to overcrowding in English and Welsh jails. Estonia offered available cells, but the UK government later dismissed the idea, stating no current plans for such arrangements .(The Sun, The Guardian)
Conclusion
Estonia's penological landscape demonstrates a proactive approach to reform, focusing on modernization, rehabilitation, and human rights. While significant strides have been made, ongoing challenges necessitate continued efforts to enhance the prison system's effectiveness and humanity.
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