IPC Section 461
Section 461 IPC – Definition of a “Document”
Essence of the Section
Section 461 defines what is considered a “document” for the purposes of the IPC, especially in chapters dealing with forgery and falsification. It provides a legal definition so that offences related to documents (like forgery under Sections 463–477A) are clearly understood.
Key Points
What is a Document?
A document includes any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures, marks, or by more than one of those means, intended to be used or is capable of being used to:
Record something (like a fact, agreement, or event)
Serve as evidence of that fact
Substance
The document can be written on paper, electronic medium, or any other substance capable of carrying a record.
Forms Covered
Written words, numbers, or marks
Electronic records (like emails, computer files, digital signatures)
Signs or symbols intended to communicate information
Purpose of the Document
Must be intended to create a legal effect or serve as evidence.
Examples: contracts, wills, promissory notes, invoices, digital records, government documents.
Example
A printed contract between two parties is a document.
A digital invoice stored in a computer system is also considered a document.
Handwritten letters, certificates, or any recorded information used as evidence are all documents.
Purpose of Section 461
To clearly define what counts as a document for forgery, falsification, or fraud offences in IPC.
Ensures legal clarity: all offences under Sections 463–477A clearly apply to things that fall under this definition.
✅ In summary:
Section 461 IPC defines a “document” as any matter expressed or described by letters, figures, marks, or symbols, intended to record something or serve as evidence, whether in paper, electronic form, or any other medium. This definition is crucial for applying laws related to forgery, falsification, and related offences.
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