Penology in Oman
OHRC team visits Sumail Central Prison ...
Penology in Oman is characterized by a blend of traditional legal frameworks and evolving reforms aimed at enhancing the justice system. Here's an overview of the key aspects:
1. Legal Framework and Penal Code
Oman's justice system is primarily governed by the Penal Code, which was promulgated by Royal Decree No. 7/2018. This code outlines various offenses and corresponding punishments, emphasizing the protection of civil liberties and the maintenance of public order. Notably, the code has undergone amendments to introduce more flexibility in sentencing.(WIPO, The Arabian Stories News)
In January 2025, Royal Decree No. 11/2025 was issued, amending Article 71 of the Penal Code. This amendment grants courts the discretion to suspend the execution of fines or imprisonment sentences of less than three years, provided certain conditions are met, such as the convict's character, history, age, or the circumstances under which the crime was committed. However, this provision does not apply to crimes related to state security, the prestige of the state, or terrorism and its financing. (blog.decree.om, Lexis Middle East, The Arabian Stories News)
2. Rehabilitation and Alternatives to Incarceration
Oman has initiated programs aimed at rehabilitating offenders and reducing the prison population. One such initiative is the Fak Kurba program, launched by the Omani Lawyers Association. This program focuses on raising funds to pay off debts of individuals imprisoned due to insolvency cases, facilitating their release. As of March 2024, over 5,800 debtors have been released through this initiative. (The Arabian Stories News)
3. Prison Conditions and Oversight
Prison conditions in Oman are subject to oversight by various authorities to ensure the humane treatment of inmates. The Oman Human Rights Commission (OHRC) conducts visits to prisons to monitor conditions and address any concerns. For instance, in May 2025, the OHRC team visited Sumail Central Prison to assess its operations and the well-being of prisoners. (Times of Oman)
4. Challenges and Criticisms
Despite these reforms, Oman's penal system faces challenges, particularly concerning human rights. Critics have pointed out that certain provisions in the Penal Code, especially those introduced in 2018, have led to increased prison terms for various offenses and have raised concerns about the protection of civil liberties. The Omani Centre for Human Rights has highlighted these issues, noting that some changes in the law may be more stringent than previous regulations. (OCHRD Oman)
5. Recent Reforms and Future Directions
The recent amendments to the Penal Code reflect Oman's ongoing efforts to modernize its justice system. By introducing more flexible sentencing options and focusing on rehabilitation, the country aims to balance the need for public safety with the rights and dignity of individuals. Continued oversight and assessment will be crucial to ensure that these reforms lead to a more just and effective penal system.
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