Constitutional Law at Chad
Sure! Here's a clear overview of Constitutional Law in Chad:
1. Background
Chad is a unitary presidential republic in Central Africa.
The country has experienced several constitutions since its independence from France in 1960, due to coups and political instability.
The current Constitution was adopted in May 2018, replacing the 1996 Constitution.
2. Structure under the 2018 Constitution
President: Very strong executive power.
Head of State and head of government.
Elected for six years, renewable once (after a controversial change).
Legislature:
Bicameral Parliament: National Assembly (lower house) and Senate (upper house).
However, the Senate has not always been fully functional.
Judiciary:
Independent in theory.
Key institutions: Supreme Court, Constitutional Council, and High Council of Magistracy.
3. Key Features of Chad's Constitutional Law
Unitary State: Chad is one single centralized entity, not federal.
Secular State: Official separation of religion and government.
Bill of Rights: The Constitution guarantees basic human rights, freedom of expression, and political rights — though enforcement is often weak in practice.
Traditional and Customary Law: Recognized, especially in local matters, as long as it does not contradict the Constitution.
4. Special Points
Centralization of Power:
The 2018 Constitution gave even more power to the President.
Prime Minister's post was abolished in 2018 but discussions around its return have happened.
Transitional Government (2021–2022):
After President Idriss Déby died in 2021, a Transitional Military Council took over, led by his son Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno.
A transitional charter (sort of a temporary constitution) was put in place.
New constitutional reforms are underway to move toward democratic elections.
5. Current Situation
Chad is in a transition phase, trying to draft a new constitution to eventually hold democratic elections (targeted for 2025).
Constitutional debates are focused on limiting presidential powers, decentralization, and human rights protections.
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