Massachusetts Constitution, Articles 2. Social compact
Massachusetts Constitution – Article II (Part the First): The Social Compact
This provision is part of the Massachusetts Constitution’s “Declaration of the Rights”, also known as Part the First. It is one of the oldest state constitutional declarations of rights in the United States, drafted primarily by John Adams in 1780.
🔹 Full Text of Article II – The Social Compact:
“It is the right as well as the duty of all men in society, publicly and at stated seasons, to instruct their representatives, to request of the legislative body, by way of addresses, petitions, or remonstrances, redress of the wrongs done them, and of the grievances they suffer.”
🔹 Explanation & Meaning:
This article expresses the foundational idea of representative democracy and civic participation:
Social Contract Principle:
The idea that government derives its legitimacy from the people, and individuals consent to be governed in return for protection of their rights.
Right to Petition:
Citizens have the right and duty to:
Instruct or express opinions to elected officials.
File petitions or remonstrances (formal complaints).
Seek redress of grievances (justice or correction of wrongs).
Civic Responsibility:
It is not only a right but also a duty for citizens to engage with their government, particularly their representatives.
✅ Summary:
Article II of the Massachusetts Constitution’s Declaration of Rights affirms that citizens are both entitled and obligated to participate in governance by communicating with their representatives and seeking justice when wronged. It’s a cornerstone of participatory democracy in Massachusetts and reflects Enlightenment-era ideals that influenced the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.
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