Doctrine of Reasonable Classification
✅ Doctrine of Reasonable Classification
(Under Article 14 of the Indian Constitution)
⚖️ What is it?
The Doctrine of Reasonable Classification is a principle developed by the courts to interpret Article 14, which guarantees “equality before the law” and “equal protection of the laws.”
While Article 14 prohibits class legislation, it permits reasonable classification — meaning the State can treat different groups differently, as long as the classification is fair, just, and non-arbitrary.
🔍 Key Components of Reasonable Classification:
To be valid under Article 14, a classification must satisfy two tests:
| Test | Explanation |
|---|---|
| 1. Intelligible Differentia | The classification must be based on a clear and understandable distinction between those who are grouped together and those who are excluded. |
| 2. Rational Nexus | The differentia must have a reasonable connection with the objective of the law or policy. |
If a classification fails either of these, it is considered arbitrary and violative of Article 14.
🧠 Example:
A law providing free education only to children from economically weaker sections passes the test:
Differentia: Economic status
Objective: Promote education among the underprivileged
✅ Therefore, it's a reasonable classification
❌ What is not allowed?
Class legislation: Where classification is arbitrary, excessive, or has no link with the objective of the law.
Example: A law giving benefits only to residents of a particular caste or religion without justification — likely to be struck down.
🏛️ Important Case Laws:
State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar (1952)
Classification must not be arbitrary or unequal — struck down a special criminal law as discriminatory.
Ram Krishna Dalmia v. Justice S.R. Tendolkar (1958)
Laid down detailed guidelines for valid classification under Article 14.
E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu (1974)
Introduced the concept of arbitrariness as a violation of equality — equality is anti-arbitrariness.
📌 Summary Table:
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Purpose | Allows law to classify people/things differently under Article 14 |
| Tests | (1) Intelligible differentia (2) Rational nexus |
| Not allowed | Arbitrary, irrational, or unjust classification |
| Related to | Article 14 – Right to Equality |
| Key Cases | Ram Krishna Dalmia, Anwar Ali Sarkar, E.P. Royappa |
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