Constitutional Provisions for Women in India
1. Fundamental Rights
Article 14
Equality before law and equal protection of the laws.
Ensures women have the same legal rights as men.
Article 15(1) & (3)
Prohibits discrimination on grounds of sex (among others).
Article 15(3) specifically allows the State to make special provisions for women and children.
(e.g., reservation, protective laws)
Article 16
Equality of opportunity in public employment.
No discrimination based on sex.
Article 21
Right to life and personal liberty — includes the right to live with dignity, safety, and security.
2. Directive Principles of State Policy
Article 39(a) & (d)
Directs the State to ensure equal pay for equal work for men and women.
To secure that health and strength of women are not abused and that they have equal opportunities.
Article 42
Provides for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
3. Other Important Provisions
Article 243D(3) and 243T(3)
Reservation of seats for women in local government institutions (Panchayats and Municipalities).
Article 51A(e)
Fundamental duty of every citizen to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
4. Special Laws and Amendments (Constitutional Context)
73rd and 74th Amendments: For reservation of women in local bodies.
Amendment in Article 15: Added clause (3) to allow affirmative action for women.
Quick Recap Table:
| Provision | Focus Area |
|---|---|
| Article 14 | Equality before law |
| Article 15(1),(3) | No discrimination; special provisions for women |
| Article 16 | Equal opportunity in public employment |
| Article 21 | Right to life and liberty |
| Article 39(a),(d) | Equal pay; protection of health |
| Article 42 | Maternity relief, humane work conditions |
| Article 243D,243T | Women reservation in local bodies |
| Article 51A(e) | Duty to renounce derogatory practices |
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