Section 180 The Indian Contract Act, 1872
Section 180 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 deals with the effect of unauthorized alteration of a written contract.
📜 Section 180 – Effect of Unauthorized Alteration of Written Instrument
"When a written instrument containing a contract has been altered without the consent of all parties, the contract is thereby avoided so far as regards all parties to the instrument except the party who made the alteration or caused it to be made."
🔍 Explanation:
If a written contract or document is altered without the approval of all parties involved, the contract becomes void (invalid) for everyone except the party who made or authorized the alteration.
✅ Key Points:
Applies only to written contracts or instruments.
Unauthorized alteration invalidates the contract for all parties except the one responsible for the change.
Protects parties from fraudulent or unilateral changes.
Ensures integrity and trust in written agreements.
💡 Example:
A and B sign a contract stating A will pay B ₹1,00,000. Later, B alters the amount to ₹2,00,000 without A’s consent. Under Section 180, the contract is void except as to B (the party who altered it). A can refuse to pay the altered amount.
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