11. Trustee to execute trust.—The trustee is bound to fulfil the purpose of the trust, and to
obey the directions of the author of the trust given at the time of its creation, except as modified
by the consent of all the beneficiaries being competent to contract.
Where the beneficiary is incompetent to contract, his consent may, for the purposes of this
section, be given by a principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction.
Nothing in this section shall be deemed to require a trustee to obey any direction when to
do so would be impracticable, illegal or manifestly injurious to the beneficiaries.
1. See s.11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (9 of 1872).
8
Explanation.—Unless a contrary intention be expressed, the purpose of a trust for the
payment of debts shall be deemed to be (a) to pay only the debts of the author of the trust
existing and recoverable at the date of the instrument of trust, or, when such instrument is a
will, at the date of his death, and (b) in the case of debts not bearing interest, to make such
payment without interest.
Illustrations
(a) A, a trustee, is simply authorised to sell certain land by public auction. He cannot sell the land by private contract.
(b) A, a trustee of certain land for X, Y and Z, is authorised to sell the land to B for a specified sum. X, Y and Z, being
competent to contract, consent that A may sell the land to C for a less sum. A may sell the land accordingly.
(c) A, a trustee for B and her children, is directed by the author of the trust to lend, on B’s request, trust-property to B’s
husband, C, on the security of his bond. C becomes insolvent and B requests A to make the loan. A may refuse to make it.
12. Trustee to inform himself of state of trust-property.—A trustee is bound to acquaint
himself, as soon as possible, with the nature and circumstances of the trust-property; to obtain,
where necessary, a transfer of the trust-property to himself; and (subject to the provisions of the
instrument of trust) to get in trust-moneys invested on insufficient or hazardous security.
Illustrations
(a) The trust-property is a debt outstanding on personal security. The instrument of trust gives the trustee no discretionary
power to leave the debt so outstanding. The trustee’s duty is to recover the debt without unnecessary delay.
(b) The trust-property is money in the hands of one of two co-trustees. No discretionary power is given by the instrument of
trust. The other co-trustee must not allow the former to retain the money for a longer period than the circumstances of the case
required.
13. Trustee to protect title to trust-property.—A trustee is bound to maintain and defend
all such suits, and (subject to the provisions of the instrument of trust) to take such other steps
as, regard being had to the nature and amount or value of the trust-property, may be reasonably
requisite for the preservation of the trust-property and the assertion or protection of the title
thereto.
Illustration
The trust-property is immoveable property which has been given to the author of the trust by an unregistered instrument.
Subject to the provisions of the Indian Registration Act, 18771
(3 of 1877), the trustee’s duty is to cause the instrument to be
registered.
14. Trustee not to set up title adverse to beneficiary.—The trustee must not for himself
or another set-up or aid any title to the trust-property adverse to the interest of the beneficiary.
15. Care required from trustee.—A trustee is bound to deal with the trust-property as
carefully as a man of ordinary prudence would deal with such property if it were his own; and, in the
absence of a contract to the contrary, a trustee so dealing is not responsible for the loss, destruction or
deterioration of the trust-property.
Illustrations
(a) A, living in Calcutta, is a trustee for B, living in Bombay. A remits trust-funds to B by bills drawn by a
person of undoubted credit in favour of the trustee as such, and payable at Bombay. The bills are dishonoured. A is
not bound to make good the loss.
(b) A, a trustee of leasehold property, directs the tenant to pay the rents on account of the trust to a banker, B, then
in credit. The rents are accordingly paid to B, and A leaves the money with B only till wanted. Before the money is
drawn out, B becomes insolvent. A, having had no reason to believe that B was in insolvent circumstances, is not bound
to make good the loss.
(c) A, a trustee of two debts for B, releases one and compounds the other, in good faith, and reasonably
believing that it is for B’s interest to do so. A is not bound to make good any loss caused thereby to B.
1. See now the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (16 of 1908).
9
(d) A, a trustee directed to sell the trust-property by auction, sells the same, but does not advertise the sale and
otherwise fails in reasonable diligence in inviting competition. A is bound to make good the loss caused thereby to the
beneficiary.
(e) A, a trustee for B, in execution of his trust, sells the trust-property, but from want of due diligence on his
part fails to receive part of the purchase-money. A is bound to make good the loss thereby caused to B.
(f) A, a trustee for B of a policy of insurance, has funds in hand for payment of the premiums. A neglects to
pay the premiums, and the policy is consequently forfeited. A is bound to make good the loss to B.
(g) A bequeaths certain moneys to B and C as trustees, and authorises them to continue trust-moneys upon the
personal security of a certain firm in which A had himself invested them. A dies, and a change takes place in the
firm. B and C must not permit the moneys to remain upon the personal security of the new firm.
(h) A, a trustee for B, allows the trust to be executed solely by his co-trustee, C. C misapplies the trust-property. A is
personally answerable for the loss resulting to B.
16. Conversion of perishable property.—Where the trust is created for the benefit of several
persons in succession, and the trust-property is of a wasting nature or a future or reversionary
interest, the trustee is bound, unless an intention to the contrary may be inferred from the
instrument of trust, to convert the property into property of a permanent and immediately profitable
character.
Illustrations
(a) A bequeaths to B all his property in trust for C during his life, and on his death for D, and on D ’s death
for E. A’s property consists of three leasehold houses, and there is nothing in A’s will to show that he intended the
houses to be enjoyed in specie. B should sell the houses, and invest the proceeds in accordance with section 20.
(b) A bequeaths to B his three leasehold houses in Calcutta and all the furniture therein in trust for C during his
life, and on his death for D, and on D’s death for E. Here an intention that the houses and furniture should be
enjoyed in specie appears clearly, and B should not sell them.
17. Trustee to be impartial.—Where there are more beneficiaries than one, the trustee is bound
to be impartial, and must not execute the trust for the advantage of one at the expense of another.
Where the trustee has a discretionary power, nothing in this section shall be deemed to
authorize the Court to control the exercise reasonably and in good faith of such discretion.
Illustration
A, a trustee for B, C and D, is empowered to choose between several specified modes of investing the trust -
property. A in good faith chooses one of these modes. The Court will not interfere, although the result of the
choice may be to vary the relative rights of B, C and D.
18. Trustee to prevent waste.—Where the trust is created for the benefit of several persons in
succession and one of them is in possession of the trust-property, if he commits, or threatens to commit,
any act which is destructive or permanently injurious thereto, the trustee is bound to take measures to
prevent such act.
19. Accounts and information.—A trustee is bound (a) to keep clear and accurate accounts of the
trust- property, and (b), at all reasonable times, at the request of the beneficiary, to furnish him with full
and accurate information as to the amount and state of the trust-property.
1
[20. Investment of trust-money.—Where the trust-property consists of money and cannot be
applied immediately or at an early date to the purposes of the trust, the trustee shall, subject to any
direction contained in the instrument of trust, invest the money in any of the securities or class of
securities expressly authorised by the instrument of trust or as specified by the Central
Government, by notification in the Official Gazette:
Provided that where there is a person competent to contract and entitled in possession to
receive the income of the trust-property for his life, or for any greater estate, no investment
in any of the securities or class of securities mentioned above shall be made without his
consent in writing.
1. Subs. by Act 34 of 2016, s. 2, for s. 20 (w.e.f. 17-4-2017).
10
Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, the expression “securities” shall have the
same meaning as assigned to it in clause (h) of section 2 of the Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956 (42 of 1956).]
1
[20A. Power to purchase redeemable stock at a premium.—(1) A trustee may invest in any of the
securities mentioned or referred to in section 20, notwithstanding that the same may be redeemable and
that the price exceeds the redemption value:
2* * * * *
(2) A trustee may retain until redemption any redeemable stock, fund or security which may have
been purchased in accordance with this section.]
21. Mortgage of land pledged to Government under Act 26 of 1871. Deposit in Government
Savings Bank.—Nothing in section 20 shall apply to investments made before this Act comes into
force, or shall be deemed to preclude an investment on a mortgage of immoveable property already
pledged as security for an advance under the Land Improvement Act, 1871 3
, or, in case the
trust-money does not exceed three thousand rupees, a deposit thereof in a Government Savings Bank.
22. Sale by trustee directed to sell within specified time.—Where a trustee directed to sell within a
specified time extends such time, the burden of proving, as between himself and the beneficiary, that the
latter is not prejudiced by the extension lies upon the trustee, unless the extension has been authorised by
a principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction.
Illustration
A bequeaths property to B, directing him with all convenient speed and within five years to sell it, and apply the proceeds
for the benefit of C. In the exercise of reasonable discretion, B postpones the sale for six years. The sale is not thereby rendered
invalid, but C, alleging that he has been injured by the postponement, institutes a suit against B to obtain compensation. In such
suit the burden of proving that C has not been injured lies on B.
23. Liability for breach of trust.—Where the trustee commits a breach of trust, he is liable to
make good the loss which the trust-property or the beneficiary has thereby sustained, unless the
beneficiary has by fraud induced the trustee to commit the breach, or the beneficiary, being
competent to contract, has himself, without coercion or undue influence having been brought to bear
on him, concurred in the breach, or subsequently acquiesced therein, with full knowledge of the
facts of the case and of his rights as against the trustee.
A trustee committing a breach of trust is not liable to pay interest except in the following cases:—
(a) where he has actually received interest;
(b) where the breach consists in unreasonable delay in paying trust-money to the beneficiary;
(c) where the trustee ought to have received interest, but has not done so;
(d) where he may be fairly presumed to have received interest;
He is liable, in case (a), to account for the interest actually received, and, in cases (b), (c) and
(d), to account for simple interest at the rate of six per cent. per annum, unless the Court otherwise
directs.
1. Ins. by Act 1 of 1916, s. 3.
2. The proviso omitted by Act 34 of 2016, s. 3 (w.e.f. 17-4-2017).
3. See now the Land Improvement Loans Act, 1883 (19 of 1883).
11
(e) where the breach consists in failure to invest trust-money and to accumulate the interest or
dividends thereon, he is liable to account for compound interest (with half-yearly rests) at the same
rate;
(f) where the breach consists in the employment of trust-property or the proceeds thereof in
trade or business, he is liable to account, at the option of the beneficiary, either for compound
interest (with half-yearly rests) at the same rate, or for the net profits made by such employment.
Illustrations
(a) A trustee improperly leaves trust-property outstanding, and it is consequently lost: he is liable to make good the property
lost, but he is not liable to pay interest thereon.
(b) A bequeaths a house to B in trust to sell it and pay the proceeds to C. B neglects to sell the house for a great length of
time, whereby the house is deteriorated and its market-price falls. B is answerable to C for the loss.
(c) A trustee is guilty of unreasonable delay in investing trust-money in accordance with section 20, or in paying it to the
beneficiary. The trustee is liable to pay interest thereon for the period of the delay.
(d) The duty of the trustee is to invest trust-money in any of the securities mentioned in section 20, clause (a), (b), (c) or (d).
Instead of so doing, he retains the money in his hands. He is liable, at the option of the beneficiary, to be charged either with the
amount of the principal money and interest, or with the amount of such securities as he might have purchased with the trustmoney when the investment should have been made, and the intermediate dividends and interest thereon.
(e) The instrument of trust directs the trustee to invest trust-money either in any of such securities or on mortgage of
immoveable property. The trustee does neither. He is liable for the principal money and interest.
(f) The instrument of trust directs the trustee to invest trust-money in any of such securities and to accumulate the dividends
thereon. The trustee disregards the direction. He is liable, at the option of the beneficiary, to be charged either with the amount of
the principal money and compound interest, or with the amount of such securities as he might have purchased with the trustmoney when the investment should have been made, together with the amount of the accumulation which would have arisen from
a proper investment of the intermediate devidends.
(g) Trust-property is invested in one of the securities mentioned in section 20, clause (a), (b), (c) or (d). The trustee sells
such security for some purpose not authorised by the terms of the instrument of trust. He is liable, at the option of the beneficiary,
either to replace the security with the intermediate dividends and interest thereon, or to account for the proceeds of the sale with
interest thereon.
(h) The trust-property consists of land. The trustee sells the land to a purchaser for a consideration without notice of the
trust. The trustee is liable, at the option of the beneficiary, to purchase other land of equal value to be settled upon the like trust,
or to be charged with the proceeds of the sale with interest.
24. No set-off allowed to trustee.—A trustee who is liable for a loss occasioned by a
breach of trust in respect of one portion of the trust-property cannot set-off against his
liability a gain which has accrued to another portion of the trust-property through another
and distinct breach of trust.
25. Non-liability for predecessor’s default.—Where a trustee succeeds another, he is not, as such,
liable for the acts or defaults of his predecessor.
26. Non-liability for co-trustee’s default.—Subject to the provisions of sections 13 and
15, one trustee is not, as such, liable for a breach of trust committed by his co -trustee:
Provided that, in the absence of an express declaration to the contrary in the instrument of trust, a
trustee is so liable—
(a) where he has delivered trust-property to his co-trustee without seeing to its proper
application;
(b) where he allows his co-trustee to receive trust-property and fails to make due
enquiry as to the co-trustee’s dealings therewith, or allows him to retain it longer than the
circumstances of the case reasonably require;
(c) where he becomes aware of a breach of trust committed or intended by his co-trustee, and
either actively conceals it or does not within a reasonable time take proper steps to protect the
beneficiary’s interest.
12
Joining in receipt for conformity.—A co-trustee who joins in signing a receipt for trustproperty and proves that he has not received the s ame is not answerable, by reason of such
signature only, for loss or misapplication of the property by his co -trustee.
Illustration
A bequeaths certain property to B and C, and directs .
them to sell it and invest the proceeds for the benefit of D.
B and C accordingly sell the property, and the purchase-money is received by B and retained in his hands. C pays no
attention to the matter for two years and then calls on B to make the investment. B is unable to do so, becomes
insolvent, and the purchase-money is lost. C may be compelled to make good the amount.
27. Several liability of co-trustees.—Where co-trustees jointly commit a breach of trust,
or where one of them by his neglect enables the other to commit a breach of trust, each is
liable to the beneficiary for the whole of the loss occasioned by such breach.
Contribution as between co-trustees.—But as between the trustees themselves, if one be
less guilty than another and has had to refund the loss, the former may compel the latter, or
his legal representative to the extent of the assets he has received, to make good such loss;
and if all be equally guilty, any one or more of the trustees who has had to refund the loss
may compel the others to contribute.
Nothing in this section shall be deemed to authorise a trustee who has been guilty of
fraud to institute a suit to compel contribution.
28. Non-liability of trustee paying without notice of transfer by beneficiary.—When
any beneficiary’s interest becomes vested in another person, and the trustee, not having notice
of the vesting, pays or delivers trust-property to the person who would have been entitled
thereto in the absence of such vesting, the trustee is not liable for the property so paid or
delivered.
29. Liability of trustee where beneficiary’s interest is forfeited to the Government.—When the
beneficiary’s interest is forfeited or awarded by legal adjudication 1
[to the Government], the trustee is
bound to hold the trust-property to the extent of such interest for the benefit of such person in such
manner as 2
[the State Government] may direct in this behalf.
30. Indemnity of trustees.—Subject to the provisions of the instrument of trust and of
sections 23 and 26, trustees shall be respectively chargeable only for such moneys, sto cks,
funds and securities as they respectively actually receive, and shall not be answerable the one
for the other of them, nor for any banker, broker or other person in whose hands any
trust-property may be placed, nor for the insuffici ency or deficiency of any stocks, funds or
securities, nor otherwise for involuntary losses.