The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
📖 Detailed Explanation
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was the first major legislation in India that specifically dealt with water pollution. It was enacted by the Parliament to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and to maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water.
Key Objectives:
To prevent and control water pollution.
To maintain or restore the quality of water.
To establish Central and State Pollution Control Boards for monitoring and enforcement.
To provide penalties and punishments for polluters.
To ensure industries treat wastewater before discharge.
Important Provisions:
Section 3 & 4: Establishment of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs).
Section 17: Functions of SPCBs – to advise the state government, plan programs, collect data, inspect treatment plants, etc.
Section 24: Prohibits disposal of any poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter into streams, wells, or sewers without permission.
Section 25: Industries must seek prior consent from SPCB before establishing or operating any unit that discharges effluents.
Penalties: Imprisonment up to 3 months or fine up to ₹10,000, and for continuing offences, additional fine per day.
Citizen’s role: People can approach courts regarding violations with prior notice to the Board.
Significance:
It was the first environment-specific Act in India.
Created a framework for water quality management.
Strengthened environmental governance with CPCB and SPCBs.
📊 Summary Table
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Name of Act | The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 |
| Objective | To prevent and control water pollution, and to maintain/restoration of water quality |
| Key Institutions | Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) |
| Main Provisions | Prohibition of water pollution, consent for industries, powers to Boards, penalties |
| Section 24 | Prohibits discharge of harmful substances into water bodies without permission |
| Section 25 | Industries must take prior consent before setting up or operating |
| Penalties | Imprisonment (up to 3 months) and/or fine (up to ₹10,000), with additional fine for continuing offence |
| Citizen’s Role | Citizens can approach courts after giving notice to SPCB |
| Significance | First dedicated water pollution law in India, foundation of environmental regulation |
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