1. Short title, extent, commencement and applications
(1) This Act may be called the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
(2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification, appoint
and different dates may be appointed for different States and for different provisions of this Act.
(4) Save as otherwise expressly provided by the Central Government by notifications, this Act
shall apply to all goods and services.
2. Definitions
(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
1[(a) "appropriate laboratory" means a laboratory or organisation-
(i) recognised by the Central Government;
(ii) recognised by a State Government, subject to such guidelines as may be prescribed by the
Central Government in this behalf; or
(iii) any such laboratory or organisation established by or under any law for the time-being in
force, which is maintained, financed or aided by the Central Government or a State Government
for carrying out analysis or test of any goods with a view to determining whether such goods
suffer from any defect;
2[(aa) "branch office" means-
(i) any establishment described as a branch by the opposite party, or
(ii) any establishment carrying on either the same or substantially the same activity as that carried
on by the head office of the establishment;
(b) "complainant" means-
(i) a consumer; or
(ii) any voluntary consumer association registered under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956), or
under any other law for the time being in force; or
(iii) the Central Government or any State Government,
2[(iv) one or more consumers, where there are numerous consumers having the same interest;]
who or which makes a complaint;
(c) "complaint" means any allegation in writing made by a complainant that1[(i) an unfair trade practice or a restrictive trade practice has been adopted by any trader;]
(ii) 1[the goods bought by him or agreed to be bought by him] suffer from one or more defect;
(iii) 1[the services hired or availed of or agreed to be hired or availed of by him] suffer from
deficiency in any respect;
(iv) a trader has charged for the goods mentioned in the complaint a price in excess of the price
fixed by or under any law for the time being in force or displayed on the goods or any package
containing such goods;
2[(v) goods which will be hazardous to life and safety when used, are being offered for sale to the
public in contravention of the provisions of any law for the time being in force requiring traders to
display information in regard to the contents, manner and effect of use of such goods.
with a view to obtaining any relief provided by or under this Act;
(d) "consumer" means any person who-
(i) buys any goods for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid and partly
promised, or under any system of deferred payment and includes any user of such goods other
than the person who buys such goods for consideration paid or promised or partly paid or partly
promised, or under any system of deferred payment when such use is made with the approval of
such person, but does not include a person who obtains such goods for resale or for any
commercial purpose; or
(ii) 1[hires or avails of] any services for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly
paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment and includes any beneficiary
of such services other than the person who 1[hires or avails of] the services for consideration paid
or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payments, when
such services are availed of with the approval of the first-mentioned person;
2[Explanation : For the purposes of sub-clause (i), "commercial purpose" does not include use by
a consumer of goods bought and used by him exclusively for the purpose of earning his
livelihood, by means of self-employment;]
(e) "consumer dispute" means a dispute where the person against whom a complaint has been
made, denies or disputes the allegations contained in the complaint;
(f) "defect" means any fault, imperfection or shortcoming in the quality, quantity, potency, purity
or standard which is required to be maintained by or under any law for the time being in force or
2[under any contract, express or] implied, or as is claimed by the trader in any manner
whatsoever in relation to any goods;
(g) "deficiency" means any fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature
and manner of performance which is required to be maintained by or under any law for the time
being in force or has been undertaken to be performed by a person in pursuance of a contract or
otherwise in relation to any service;
(h) "District Forum" means a Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum established under clause (a)
of section 9;
(i) "goods" means goods as defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 (3 of 1930);
(j) "manufacturer" means a person who-
(i) makes or manufactures any goods or parts thereof; or
(ii) does not make or manufacture any goods but assembles parts thereof made or manufactured
by others and claims the end product to be goods manufactured by himself; or
(iii) puts or causes to be put his own mark on any goods made or manufactured by any other
manufacturer and claims such goods to be goods made or manufactured by himself.
Explanation : Where a manufacturer despatches any goods or part thereof to any branch office
maintained by him, such branch office shall not be deemed to be the manufacturer even though
the parts so despatched to it are assembled at such branch office and are sold or distributed from
such branch office.
2[(jj) "member" includes the President and a member of the National Commission or a State
Commission or a District Forum, as the case may be;]
(k) "National Commission" means the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
established under clause (c) of section 9;
(l) "notification" means a notification published in the Official Gazette;
(m) "person" includes-
(i) a firm whether registered or not;
(ii) a Hindu undivided family;
(iii) a co-operative society;
(iv) every other association of persons whether registered under the Societies Registration Act,
1860 (22 of 1860) or not;
(n) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made by the State Government, or as the case may
be, by the Central Government under this Act;
2[(nn) "restrictive trade practice" means any trade practice which requires a consumer to buy,
hire or avail of any goods or, as the case may be, services as a condition precedent for buying,
hiring or availing of other goods or services;]
(o) "service" means service of any description which is made available to potential users and
includes the provision of facilities in connection with banking, financing, insurance, transport,
processing, supply of electrical or other energy, board or lodging or both, 6[housing construction],
entertainment, amusement or the purveying of news or other information, but does not include the
rendering of any service free of charge or under a contract of personal service;
(p) "State Commission" means a Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission established in a
State under clause (b) of section 9;
(q) "trader" in relation to any goods means a person who sells or distributes any goods for sale
and includes the manufacturer thereof, and where such goods are sold or distributed in package
form, includes the packer thereof;
2[(r) "unfair trade practice" means a trade practice which, for the purpose of promoting the sale,
use or supply of any goods or for the provision of any service, adopts any unfair method or unfair
or deceptive practice including any of the following practices, namely,-
(1) the practice of making any statement, whether orally or in writing or by visible representation
which,-
(i) falsely represents that the goods are of a particular standard, quality, quantity, grade,
composition, style or model;
(ii) falsely represents that the services are of a particular standard, quality or grade;
(iii) falsely represents any re-built, second-hand, renovated, reconditioned or old goods as new
goods;
(iv) represents that the goods or services have sponsorship, approval, performance,
characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits which such goods or services do not have;
(v) represents that the seller or the supplier has a sponsorship or approval or affiliation which
such seller or supplier does not have;
(vi) makes a false or misleading representation concerning the need for, or the usefulness of, any
goods or services;
(vii) gives to the public any warranty or guarantee of the performance, efficacy or length of life of
a product or of any goods that is not based on an adequate or proper test thereof:
PROVIDED that where a defence is raised to the effect that such warranty or guarantee is based
on adequate or proper test, the burden of proof of such defence shall lie on the person raising
such defence;
(viii) makes to the public a representation in a form that purports to be-
(i) a warranty or guarantee of a product or of any goods or services; or
(ii) a promise to replace, maintain or repair an article or any part thereof or to repeat or continue a
service until it has achieved a specified result,
if such purported warranty or guarantee or promise is materially misleading or if there is no
reasonable prospect that such warranty, guarantee or promise will be carried out;
(ix) materially misleads the public concerning the price at which a product or like products or
goods or services, have been or are, ordinarily sold or provided, and, for this purpose, a
representation as to price shall be deemed to refer to the price at which the product or goods or
services has or have been sold by sellers or provided by suppliers generally in the relevant
market unless it is clearly the price at which the product has been sold or services have been
provided by the person by whom or on whose behalf the representation is made;
(x) gives false or misleading facts disparaging the goods, services or trade of another person.
Explanation : For the purposes of clause (1), a statement that is-
(a) expressed on an article offered or displayed for sale, or on its wrapper or container; or
(b) expressed on anything attached to, inserted in, or accompanying, an article offered or
displayed for sale, or on anything on which the article is mounted for display or sale; or
(c) contained in or on anything that is sold, sent, delivered, transmitted or in any other manner
whatsoever made available to a member of the public,
shall be deemed to be a statement made to the public by, and only by, the person who had
caused the statement to be so expressed, made or contained;
(2) permits the publication of any advertisement whether in any newspaper or otherwise, for the
sale of supply at a bargain price, of goods or services that are not intended to be offered for sale
or supply at the bargain price, or for a period that is, and in quantities that are, reasonable, having
regard to the nature of the market in which the business is carried on, the nature and size of
business, and the nature of the advertisement;.
Explanation: For the purposes of clause (2), "bargaining price" means-
(a) a price that is stated in any advertisement to be a bargain price, by reference to an ordinary
price or otherwise, or
(b) a price that a person who reads, hears or sees the advertisement, would reasonably
understand to be a bargain price having regard to the prices at which the product advertised or
like products are ordinarily sold;
(3) permits-
(a) the offering of gifts, prizes or other items with the intention of not providing them as offered or
creating impression that something is being given or offered free of charge when it is fully or
partly covered by the amount charged in the transaction as a whole;
(b) the conduct of any contest, lottery, games of chance or skill, for the purpose of promoting,
directly or indirectly, the sale, use or supply of any product or any business interest;
(4) permits the sale or supply of goods intended to be used, or are of a kind likely to be used, by
consumers, knowing or having reason to believe that the goods do not comply with the standards
prescribed by competent authority relating to performance, composition, contents, design,
constructions, finishing or packaging as are necessary to prevent or reduce the risk of injury to
the person using the goods;
(5) permits the hoarding or destruction of goods, or refuses to sell the goods or to make them
available for sale or to provide any service, if such-hoarding or destruction or refusal raises or
tends to raise or is intended to raise, the cost of those or other similar goods or services.
(2) Any reference in this Act to any other Act or provision thereof which is not in force in any area
to which this Act applies shall be construed to have a reference to the corresponding Act or
provision thereof in force in such area.
3. Act not in derogation of any other law
The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of any
other law for the time being in force.